Pasteur fought obstacles with tenacity


"In the field of observation, chance favors the prepared mind."


— Louis Pasteur


 

ouis Pasteur’s success as a scientist and researcher might be explained by these factors: his sharp and strong observational skills, his accuracy and precision of testing his hypotheses, his strong conclusions resulting from his testing, and his absolute refusal to be stopped by obstacles placed in his path by others for any reason.

When Pasteur urged doctors to wash their hands between surgeries, or even after treating patients, he was roundly criticized. He pleaded with the doctor who was attending the birth of one of his children to wash his hands before touching his pregnant wife. The doctor scoffed at Pasteur.

A year after the Pasteurs had their third daughter, their oldest one, Jeanne, contracted typhoid fever at age 9 and died. Subsequently, two of his other daughters died of infectious diseases. Pasteur was devastated. He swore he would try to learn how and why they died and do something to correct the situation for children, as well as for adults.


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So-called "pasteurization," suitably named for its developer, started with wines, not with milk. The French government called on Pasteur to help save the wine industry in France. Wines made throughout the country were fermenting and turning sour; they were undrinkable. Nobody could understand why, and panic reigned in France’s very important wine industry.

Pasteur had no experience in the field of wine making, so he started studying the fermentation process. He discovered that organic structures, traveling freely through the air, landed in the fermentation vats and caused the process to degenerate and produce a sour mash, not wine.

His conclusions were considered to be nonsense, at first. Then, while he experimented, heating newly fermenting wines, Pasteur discovered that a relatively low temperature of 55 to 60 degrees Celsius (about 135 degrees Fahrenheit) destroyed the invading organisms, enabling the wine to ferment properly. France’s wine industry was saved.

Pasteur was awarded the Grand Prix medal at the Exposition Universelle for his development of the pasteurization method of protecting wines and milk from the effects of injurious organisms. He was also appointed professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne in Paris. At last, well-earned recognition came his way. Then, at the age of 47, Pasteur was felled by a stroke that paralyzed his left side. Amazingly, this stroke did not stop Pasteur’s work. Nothing seemed to stop him!


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Pasteur was elected to the Academy of Medicine of France when he was in his middle 50s. Shortly after he received this honor, France had serious problems with anthrax that threatened the entire country’s sheep flock. Pasteur was determined to find the cause of the disease, discover cures for it, and also to create vaccines to prevent the disease.

Once again, Pasteur was challenged on his work with vaccines. The medical establishment condemned his thinking as ridiculous. He was forced to conduct a public experiment with sheep. It was with great reluctance — and some trepidation — that he agreed to this experiment.

Twenty sheep were vaccinated with Pasteur’s weakened anthrax virus, and 20 sheep were not vaccinated. After a few days he injected anthrax into the blood streams of all 40 sheep. Within a few days, every one of the unvaccinated sheep died, and every one of the vaccinated sheep remained alive and healthy.

This was as complete a vindication of his discoveries as could be imagined. For the great achievement of discovering vaccines, Pasteur was given the Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honor. To top it all off, he was also elected to that important organization, the Academie Francaise.


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Pasteur also made great strides in finding a way to treat rabies, after an epidemic swept through France in 1880. His solution of a series of injections, first used successfully on a 9-year-old boy, Joseph Meister, revolutionized treatment of this devastating disease, and the Pasteur Institute was built as a result of a fund set up for treatment and further research of rabies.

In 1887, Pasteur suffered a second stroke. The Pasteur Institute was officially opened one year later. Within six years, the Pasteur Institute had produced a vaccine for diphtheria and was launched on its way to more and more exciting and beneficial means of preventing and curing a number of contagious diseases.

Without Pasteur and his angelic advocate’s personality, who knows how much longer it might have been before these diseases could have been sufficiently understood to be brought under control? How much longer would it have taken to discover and create vaccines? In1895, at age 73, Louis Pasteur finally succumbed to physical ailments and died. Had his life extended him into the next century, he would surely have been awarded at least one Nobel Prize.


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In the early years of his life, Pasteur was called ignorant, stupid, and careless by doctors and medical scientists. As time went on, he was called fortunate. But the truth was that Pasteur was an angel’s advocate stopped by nothing, whose curiosity and powers of observation and wondering how and why led him to discoveries that changed the practice of medicine and benefited all mankind. Pasteur once said: "Let me tell you the secret that has led to my goal. My strength lies solely in my tenacity."

Louis Pasteur would not, and could not, be stopped by any obstacle at all.

 


Sidney X. Shore is a scientist, inventor and educator who lives in Sharon and holds more than 30 U.S. patents


 

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