Every day there’s something new for us to worry about

It often amazes me, especially as I get older (what a good friend calls being a “wrinkly”), at how little I know about the world as it was, is and will be. Predicting the future should be the hardest part of that trio but there are always signs, pointers taken from today and yesterday that help us manage our coming days and years. And that is why research into the past is so important. If we can know where we have been as a planet, a species, a culture, we can better predict, plan and navigate the future. But past secrets are not so easy to find and reveal.In the Antarctic the Russians, and now a host of other nations, are searching for life on earth. Not dead life encased, preserved, in ice, but living, moving life perhaps found trapped 12,000 feet down in what once was a lake now covered with two and a half miles of solid ice. And they thought they had found something in Lake Vostok, bacteria never before found, a new life form. Scientists predicted this could lead to clues on how life developed on Earth. And on the face of it, that all made sense, something trapped many million years ago under ice could be a missing link or perhaps an extinct life form. OK, so it was only bacteria, not so easy to link up to todays’ animals, but the scientific community was abuzz ... until Vladimir Korolyov of the genetics laboratory in St. Petersburg blew hopes out the window. He proclaimed their current testing merely shows it was all a contaminant, so far. But they have years of research ahead of them. If they find a new life form there, they can link it genetically and another piece of the jigsaw of life will fall into place.Like the discovery of amino acids at the Mars polar regions, or as the Japanese found in the tail of the comet, past traces of the building blocks of life in our solar system may lead to clues for all life on earth. The Mars Rover is searching for geologic and mineral traces of the origin of our solar system. Voyager is out there, traveling past the known solar system, searching, exploring. However, sometimes you can find history pointers, literally, closer to home, this time in the English Channel. Well, since it was a French team that did the discovery, let us give them credit by calling it La Manche. Off the island of Alderney they found a Viking longboat wreck. Carefully sifting through the remnants, searching for that jigsaw piece of history, they came across a pair of dividers along with a rock. The careful placement of the two linked them. The divider they understood, any navigator uses dividers as they pace across a map, measuring distance and route. But what was the rock?Thanks to research, geology this time, more pieces of the puzzle undertaken over hundreds of years, they identified the rock as sunstone. About the size of a deck of cards, the rock came from Iceland a thousand miles away and was a form of calcite, clear crystal, known for being able to refract light. Also thanks to research and current navigation (with magnetic compasses), we know that magnetic compasses, especially the first primitive ones from the 13th century using iron ore loadstone, become less accurate the more north you venture, and the Vikings were clearly venturing north! So how did the Vikings navigate, day in day out, when the sky is so often clouded and you cannot see the sun?And why was this type of sunstone also found in Viking settlements as far away as North America, Russia, Scotland, France and Greenland? How did they navigate across oceans without a compass and sight of the sun and stars? How did they know where they were going? We need to know that piece of the jigsaw. So, testing a similar crystal, the excavation scientists proved that by rotating the crystal sunstone light refracts into two beams. Rotating it back and forth, it is possible to find the point where the two beams converge, making one beam — indicating the true direction of the sun. And they say it works on cloudy days, and even when the Sun has just set. The Vikings found the way, even in the cloudy obscure days at sea often for months. Like the scientists navigating our past, whether it be life here on Earth or the mysteries of the solar system and beyond, all these endeavors are searching for the right connections, putting one small piece of the puzzle of life together at a time. Our past, the library of the clues to our future, is so darned large that discoveries will never stop coming. And each piece of the puzzle amazes me, and amuses me to think that there will never be a day when I do not learn something new to help us plot our own path forward. Perhaps that is the meaning of life after all.Peter Riva, a former resident of Amenia Union, now lives in New Mexico.

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