An expert offers help on avoiding ticks

SALISBURY — Dr. Kirby Stafford, the state entomologist, knows a lot about ticks. He even wears a tick lapel pin on his sports jacket.

Stafford was at the Scoville Memorial Library on Saturday, March 24, to talk about Lyme disease and tick control.

It happened to be a sunny day with the temperature nudging into the 50s.

Someone asked, “Would we get ticks if we went for a walk in the woods today?”

“Oh yeah,” replied Stafford.

The bad news: There are a lot of ticks in Connecticut. More ticks are on the way. And there are several tick-related diseases that are quite unpleasant — even fatal.

The good news: There are effective and practical ways to prevent being bitten by ticks.

Stafford said that when Lyme disease was identified in 1975, tick-borne diseases were already known. Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first recorded in the late 19th century in Montana, and between 1909 and 1959 seven tick-borne illnesses were identified.

By 1960, 11 distinct diseases were added to the list.

The tick in Connecticut

From about 1750 to the late 19th century, Connecticut  was largely deforested and the deer population decreased radically.

“We cut down trees and hunted the deer,” said Stafford.

Ticks survived, however, especially in eastern Long Island and on islands around Cape Cod.

And as agriculture declined, cleared land was reforested, and the deer population rebounded. The ticks came back.

In 1896, Connecticut’s deer population was 12, Stafford noted. The current population is about 100,000.

The ticks that carry diseases utilize several hosts, including deer, mice and other rodents, and birds.

A cold and/or snowy winter does not discourage ticks. They hibernate, and when it warms up, activity increases.

Ticks can get at you at any time, but the period between May and August is the most perilous.

Stafford said fully 75 percent of tick bites are suffered around the home. “Your own yard is the major risk.”

Tick solutions

Here’s what you can do about it.

Tucking your pants into your socks is an effective precaution. Host-seeking ticks don’t fly, they don’t drop down from trees, and they live close to the ground. Adults will get up into shrubbery, however, so long-sleeved shirts are a good idea.

Clothing treated with permethrin is also effective. Sporting goods outfitters sell treated pants and shirts, or permethrin spray (.5 percent) can be purchased and applied to clothing.

Repellents applied directly to the skin work. DEET at 25 to 30 percent is the standard.

After being in a tick environment, it is best to bathe promptly and vigorously, with lots of hot water and soap.

Tick checks are critical as well. The classic “bullseye” rash from a tick bite is by no means universal, Stafford said. The best way to check for ticks is with another person looking at those areas that are hard to see, even with a mirror.

Even treated clothing should be washed in hot water. (The treatment will last for as many as 50 washes, according to manufacturers.)

And as a final ace in the hole, use your dryer.

“Ticks can survive a hot wash but not a hot dryer,” Stafford said. (Dryer time: 15 minutes to one hour.)

If after all these precautions you still find a tick, you need to remove it. Ticks have teeth and secrete an adhesive once they’ve attached themselves.

“They essentially super glue themselves to your skin,” said Stafford cheerfully.

It gets worse.

Once in place, the tick proceeds with sucking and spitting until it gets to what Stafford called “The Great Slurp.”

And at that point the disease starts entering the system of the host.

There is some good news here, however. The process takes time, at least for the ticks that bring Lyme disease.

Stafford said that if addressed within 24 hours, the risk of getting Lyme disease or something similar is zero. After 36 hours, the risk of getting sick is 12 percent.

But at 48 hours, the rate increases dramatically to 75 percent, and a tick bite left untreated for 96 hours is 94 percent certain to result in illness.

How to remove them

For tick removal, Stafford said the ordinary tweezer will not suffice.

“I prefer fine-tip forceps, because the nymphs are so small.”

He said most of the time, the tick will come out intact. And if a piece of tick does break off, it’s not going to make any difference as far as getting sick.

(That’s Lyme disease. The Powassan virus, spread by a different tick, takes hold after 15 to 30 minutes.)

Despite the growing awareness of tick-borne diseases, doctors still miss it. Stafford said there is no test for Lyme disease itself; the test is for antibodies.

And that gets complicated by factors such as the difficulty in determining whether the test is picking up on increased sensitivity from previous bouts of the disease, or a current infection.

“You can have all the classic signs but the test won’t pick it up.”

And if the doctor prescribes a course of antibiotics, “you may never get a positive test.”

The symptoms — rashes, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, headache, general malaise — are well-known, however.

Since so many tick bites come around the home, there are measures that can reduce risk. A barrier between a wooded area and the lawn helps.

Move the swing set out of the shaded area and into the sun.

And the perimeter of the yard can be sprayed with a variety of different chemicals.

The common and invasive Japanese barberry plant is particularly hospitable to ticks, Stafford said.

One final word of warning. That lovely authentic crumbling New England stone wall on your property?

Stafford describes stone walls as “tick hotels.”

There is much more information in Stafford’s “Tick Management Handbook,” available online at www.ct.gov/caes/lib/caes/documents/special_features/TickHandbook.pdf

 

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