Thank you!
Your support is sustaining the future of local news in our communities.

Omicron, surely that’s enough

What have the scientific, pharmaceutical, and medical communities done to stifle SARS-CoV-2 infections? There are currently 18 advanced trials of different vaccines, 64 possible new treatments, and 23 potential or approved anti-viral drugs.

The mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna provide robust protection. (The mRNA technology is being expanded to HIV, malaria, and other diseases for which conventional vaccines have failed.) mRNA vaccines are expensive and need to be shipped frozen. Lower income countries require an effective vaccine that is inexpensive, survives at higher temperature and can be made locally.  Corbevax, created at Baylor College of Medicine, fits these criteria and is currently being made in hundreds of millions of doses in India. Other vaccines (Novovax) produce antibodies to viral proteins in addition to the Spike protein. The Novovax vaccine contains no genetic material.

Beyond vaccines there are 64 new treatments in development that block or slow infection or some of its consequences, like inflammation. Inflammation makes blood vessels leaky; defensive cells, which rush to the site of infection, squeeze out of the circulation, and infiltrate the lungs. They fill air sacs with dead neutrophils, eosinophils, and fluid, making the patient struggle to breathe.  In addition to the inflammatory reaction, when these cells die they release digestive enzymes that can do terrible damage to the lungs or other infected tissues. The use of steroids to inhibit inflammation was a critical early discovery. According to a review I read recently, it is still the best early intervention. Most viruses have means to inhibit a host’s immune system:  some inhibit interferon synthesis, a critical mobilizer of the immune response; SARS-CoV-2 inhibits the production of Natural Killer cells, which recognize infected lung cells and kill them. The more we know about these mechanisms the better off we will be.

There are currently 23 antivirals approved or in testing, including Merck’s Molnupiravir and Pfizer’s Paxlovid, but others have Emergency Use Authorizations as well. Paxlovid, if taken within 5 days of the onset of symptoms, blocks disease progression and keeps 90% of patients from hospitalization.  As a result, our hospitals are able to function, saving money, reducing misery and increasing morale.  Vaccinated and boosted people usually have a short illness unless they have other complications and may not need these therapeutics. But for those who do, or are unvaccinated the drugs are becoming available in pharmacies.

My friend, Jonathan Sanoff, keeps track of these things. He told me about a site called the Therapeutics Locator, which The Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at The Department of Health and Human Services and her staff have prepared. The Assistant Secretary is Rear Admiral Rachel L. Levine, MD. The site tells potential patients where to find these drugs, whether they are in Puerto Rico or Alaska. For skeptics, the site also includes the number of doses on hand at each site and the total made so far, as well as information on each drug. As new therapies come online, they will appear on the Therapeutics Locator. There are currently seven drugs and monoclonal antibodies on the site. The Asst Secretary and her staff do not get much credit, but they should. See: www.covid-19-therapeutics-locator-dhhs.hub.arcgis.com/.

It is important to have many anti-viral drugs, and I was surprised to learn that 23 are still in late clinicals trials. We learned from HIV therapy that an RNA virus can develop resistance to a single drug but cannot evolve resistance to three drugs and is why the number 23 is a pleasant surprise. An even better surprise is, some of these drugs inhibit other RNA viruses, including Zika and Ebola.

Nothing in science or medicine must work, no matter how clever the idea. We should not be surprised that 26 vaccines failed, 92 treatments did not pass muster, and 54 antivirals did not inhibit SARS-CoV-2.  These results on therapies in the development pipeline have been collected by Heidi Ledford, one of Nature Magazine’s senior reporters (Nature, March 3, 2022). I am grateful to her. In that context, the March 11 issue of Science, the flagship publication of the American Academy of Sciences, contains a detailed comparison and analysis of these treatments and ideas on what we need to prepare for the next epidemic. Pandemics are too large a subject to cover everything — we have left out the value of logistics and convincing people to take vaccines, not to mention long Covid, but people are studying these challenges. The combination of basic science, private industry, and public health services have done well, although praise sounds hollow when millions have died.

What to do? Get vaccinated and boosted. When new boosters designed to attack SARS-CoV-2 or its variants appear, get those too. Even with the vaccine, you may get mild disease, but the name of the game is to prevent progress to serious disease and hospitalization. The new drugs offer reassurance. In places where the virus and infection are in decline, it is time to resume normal life.  Or at least that is my plan.

 

Richard Kessin is Emeritus Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Reach him at Richard.Kessin@gmail.com. His website contains more information: RichardKessin.com.

 

 

       

             

 

The views expressed here are not necessarily those of The Lakeville Journal and The Journal does not support or oppose candidates for public office.

Latest News

Benjamin Franklin’s glass armonica comes to the Berkshire Opera Festival

Dennis James plays the glass armonica in Colonial costume.

Dennis James

In the early 1760s, Benjamin Franklin was one of the most popular people in the world. The writer, printer, inventor and electricity pioneer was known throughout the British Colonies in America, as well as in Europe, as a respected intellectual and diplomat. While we know him as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, he spent almost a third of his life in Europe. Eight of those years were spent in France, working to secure support from the French military during the Revolutionary War. But before that, he spent 18 years in England as a diplomatic representative from the colonies.

It was during that time when Franklin first witnessed a musician play a series of glass bowls by wetting his fingers and drawing them across the bowls’ rims. The sound was haunting and otherworldly — like nothing he, nor anyone else, had ever heard before. But as Franklin was transfixed by the sound, he saw what many great innovators see when witnessing something new: inefficiencies. The musician was moving all over the place, working far too hard to make these angelic sounds. So Franklin went about fixing the problem.

Keep ReadingShow less
More than movies: Jeremy Boviard found his calling at The Moviehouse

Jeremy Boviard, General Manager at the Moviehouse in Millerton.

Annette Stover
There’s something special about sharing a story in a room full of other people.
— Jeremy Boviard

Spend a few minutes talking with Jeremy Boviard about movies and you’re likely to forget what time it is.

Ask about a favorite film and he’ll happily explain the first time he saw it, how it was made and why it matters. One story leads to another. His enthusiasm is infectious. For Boviard, movies are far more than entertainment – they’re one of the best ways people connect.

Keep ReadingShow less
The mycelial web of nature, creativity, science and magic at Berkshire Mushroom Festival

Presenters at the 2025 Berkshire Mushroom Festival.

Daniel Shankin

“Mycelium is Earth’s natural Internet,” says mycologist Paul Stamets. He also calls fungi “the grand recyclers of the planet” and says, “Fungi are the interface organisms between life and death.”

If that sounds like a pretty good argument for paying more attention to what’s happening under your feet, the Berkshire Mushroom Festival is hosting a weekend made for you.

Keep ReadingShow less
google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.

From grave to stage: “Zombie Prom” lights up the Sharon Playhouse

(From L to R) Jakob Kerr-Lucero (Jake), Charlotte Wise (Candy), Richie Crane (Joey), Brianna Vivace (Coco), and Vivian Burnham (Stage Manager) in rehearsal for Sharon Playhouse’s “Zombie Prom.”

Michael Kevin Baldwin

Jonny is dead. He’s also still dating Toffee. And he has every intention of making it to the prom.

That’s the basic problem at the heart of “Zombie Prom,” the gloriously campy musical comedy coming to the Sharon Playhouse Aug. 21-23.

Keep ReadingShow less
The flood that changed Winsted forever
Jack Lutris presented “Inundated” Connecticut’s Great Flood of 1955 at the American Mural Project in Winsted.
Jack Sheedy

The flood of 1955 was more than a natural disaster for Winsted, Connecticut. It was a defining event that changed the town forever, according to historian Hamish Lutris, who discussed the flood and its aftermath during a presentation Aug. 7 at the American Mural Project.

“For Winsted, this is really the operative event in their post-World War II history,” Lutris said. “Winsted, for better or worse, has never really been the same since that flood. Half of Main Street got kind of wiped out.”

Keep ReadingShow less
google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.

google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.