Psychedelic depression drugs

Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are among the most intractable conditions of our time. Modern society seems to be good at creating the ground on which they thrive. We have only recently realized that simple molecules that could help these conditions have been known for decades.

Timothy Leary, a Harvard professor of psychology of the 1960s, promoted psychedelic drugs, but his goals were vague. Turn on, tune in, drop out, Leary’s admonition was directed at people who thought their minds would be expanded, and perhaps they were, but Leary’s prescription for fulfillment was not helpful to scientists and physicians seeking therapies for depression and anxiety. The drugs also scared the FDA and other government officials because they were part of the 1960s counterculture movement. They could be dangerous. Psychedelics were banned in 1970.

Banned drugs, like banned books, have a way of reappearing. Ketamine, psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA can have extraordinary effects, including hallucinations and an expansive view of life.

They are simple compounds and easy for chemists to make. Psychedelic drugs bind to important elements called receptors in neurons. Psilocybin, from a family of mushrooms, has been used for centuries by Native Americans, as part of cultural and religious practice.

Matthew W. Johnson and Roland R. Griffiths of Johns Hopkins wrote a 2017 review of the therapeutic effects of psilocybin for depression and other conditions. They and other researchers have pulled some of these drugs out of administrative limbo. [See the link below.]

Ketamine was approved by the FDA since 1970, the same year that other psychedelic drugs were banned. It is a sedative and anesthetic for children, and it remained available for other uses. Profoundly depressed patients, who had not been helped by serotonin uptake inhibitors like Prozac which act slowly, quickly responded to ketamine. Except for ketamine, the 1970 ban stopped research funding for psychedelic research, but their use continued underground.

Michael Pollan, Professor of Psychology at UC Berkeley, recounted his own experiences taking these drugs, and provides a history of their development and use in his book “How to Change Your Mind.”

The bans lasted until the late 1990’s when clinical trials were permitted by The National Institutes of Mental Health for patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety in terminally ill cancer patients. Post-traumatic stress disorder has also been studied. Clinical trials are not easy to do. So, the numbers are small.

A specific dose of pure psilocybin or ketamine causes sedation and then a psychedelic trip, with auditory and visual hallucinations, sometimes of an extraordinary nature that can, in the patient’s perception, touch on the divine, and block the ability to distinguish reality and fantasy.

Patients report a loss of ego. A guide always attends and is important to the results. Relief from depression occurs quickly and lasts for months after the drug has disappeared and the patient’s brain has reassembled a rationale view of the world. Most drugs act only when present in the brain above a particular concentration. That said, a bad trip can be terrifying and the memory of it endures.

All psychiatric conditions have a physical basis in nerve cells and the circuits they form.

Instinctively, many people (including me) think of non-corporeal causes, but there is no devil or evil spirit here. There are physical structures and neuronal circuits that can be touched by psychedelics or other drugs, or by electroshock. It looks like psychedelics can do that, but how they do it is unclear.

Syndromes like PTSD lead to self-treatment with opioids or alcohol. Not to study these the psychedelics would be irresponsible. But it will not be simple—there are many neurological conditions and numerous psychedelics. Drug concentrations and methods of application make a difference, as does coordinated psychotherapy. I predict that there will be cultural objections to using these drugs.

I wrote four columns on opioids a few years ago that provided background and described the neurons and receptors involved in euphoria and in controlling breathing. The columns described then current treatments that worked and some that do not. We do not know how psychedelics work on symptoms. We have clues from brain imaging tools that are now incorporated into clinical trials. Mechanism may be beyond a microbiologist like me.

(Microbiology is blissfully simple compared to the human brain, or any brain for that matter.)

We will provide information about medical centers with strong departments of neuroscience and psychiatry who are using new approaches to treatment. Learning how to treat intractable conditions is always fraught, especially if it involves drugs with a prior history.

[See: www.link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y for effects of psilocybin on depression.]


Rich Kessin is Emeritus Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Email: Richard.Kessin@gmail.com.

The views expressed here are not necessarily those of The Lakeville Journal and The Journal does not support or oppose candidates for public office.

Latest News

A new life for Barrington Hall

A new life for Barrington Hall

Dan Baker, left, and Daniel Latzman at Barrington Hall in Great Barrington.

Provided

Barrington Hall in Great Barrington has hosted generations of weddings, proms and community gatherings. When Dan Baker and Daniel Latzman took over the venue last summer, they stepped into that history with a plan not just to preserve it, but to reshape how the space serves the community today.

Barrington Hall is designed for gathering, for shared experience, for the simple act of being together. At a time when connection is often filtered through screens and distraction, their vision is grounded in something simple and increasingly rare: real human connection.

Keep ReadingShow less

Gail Rothschild’s threads of time

Gail Rothschild’s threads of time

Gail Rothschild with her painting “Dead Sea Linen III (73 x 58 inches, 2024, acrylic on canvas.

Natalia Zukerman

There is a moment, looking at a painting by Gail Rothschild, when you realize you are not looking at a painting so much as a map of time. Threads become brushstrokes; fragments become fields of color; something once held in the hand becomes something you stand in front of, both still and in a constant process of changing.

“Textiles connect people,” Rothschild said. “Textiles are something that we’re all intimately involved with, but we take it for granted.”

Keep ReadingShow less

Sherman Players celebrate a century of community theater

Sherman Players celebrate a century of community theater

Cast of “Laughter on the 23rd Floor” from left to right. Tara Vega, Steve Zerilli, Bob Cady (Standing) Seated at the table: Andrew Blanchard, Jon Barker, Colin McLoone, Chris Bird, Rebecca Annalise, Adam Battlestein

Provided

For a century, the Sherman Players have turned a former 19th-century church into a stage where neighbors become castmates, volunteers power productions and community is the main attraction. The company marks its 100th season with a lineup that blends classic works, new writing and homegrown talent.

New England has a long history of community theater and its role in strengthening civic life. The Sherman Players remain a vital example, mounting intimate, noncommercial productions that draw on local participation and speak to the current cultural moment.

Keep ReadingShow less
google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.

Reimagining opera for a new generation

Reimagining opera for a new generation

Stage director Geoffrey Larson signs autographs for some of the kids after a family performance.

Provided

For those curious about opera but unsure where to begin, the Mahaiwe Theater in Great Barrington will offer an accessible entry point with “Once Upon an Opera,” a free, family-friendly program on Sunday, April 12, at 2 p.m. The event is designed for opera newcomers and aficionados alike and will include selections from some of opera’s most beloved works.

Luca Antonucci, artistic coordinator, assistant conductor and chorus master for the Berkshire Opera Festival, said the idea first materialized three years ago.

Keep ReadingShow less
BSO charts future amid leadership transition and financial strain

Aerial view of The Shed at Tanglewood in Lenox, Massachusetts.

Provided

The Boston Symphony Orchestra is outlining its path forward following the announcement that music director Andris Nelsons will step down after the 2027 Tanglewood season, closing a 13-year tenure.

In a letter to supporters, the BSO’s Board of Trustees acknowledged that the news has been difficult for many in its community, while emphasizing gratitude for Nelsons’ leadership and plans to celebrate his final season.

Keep ReadingShow less
A tradition of lamb for Easter and Passover

Roasted lamb

Provided

Preparing lamb for the observance of Easter is a long-standing tradition in many cultures, symbolizing new life and purity. For Christians, Easter marks the end of Lenten fasting, allowing for a celebratory feast. A popular choice is roast lamb, often prepared with rosemary, garlic or lemon. It is traditional to serve mint sauce or mint jelly at the table.

The Hebrew Bible suggests that the last plague God inflicted on the Egyptians, to secure the Israelites’ release from slavery, was to kill the firstborn son in every Egyptian home. To differentiate the Israelites from the Egyptians, God instructed them to mark their doorposts with the blood of a lamb. Today, Jews, Christians and Muslims generally believe that God would have known who was Israelite and who was Egyptian without such a sign, but views of God’s omnipotence in the Abrahamic faiths have evolved over the millennia.

Keep ReadingShow less
google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.

google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.