Art historian Boyle talk is a primer on American art

SALISBURY — Art historian Dick Boyle took a standing-room only audience through a crash course in American portraiture on Saturday, Feb. 25, as part of the Era of Elegance series of lectures sponsored by the Salisbury Association and the Scoville Memorial Library.Boyle broke the subject into two parts — portrait painting from 1750 to 1860 and post-Civil War to the early 20th century.In discussing the antecedants, Boyle said, “American art was not born of nothing — it was an outpost of European art.”Portraits were the dominant format until the mid-19th century, when people started painting landscapes.“The problem faced by the portrait painter is how to marry the likeness to something more indefinable, brought about by style,” Boyle said.“How does the painter get at the real person?” he asked. “The painter has to balance the truth of the likeness with the spirit of the person, through a sense of style.”He then quoted John Singer Sargent, defining a portrait as “a painting of a person with something wrong about the mouth.”A portrait is a historical record, a means of identification, a reflection of social status and a means of political image-making, Boyle said. A portrait is a symbol of power and a gratification of vanity. “A portrait confers immortality on the sitter.”In American portraiture, the first emphasis was on the likeness. Boyle said the paintings in the Salisbury Academy Building are a good example of this style, with engaged couples exchanging portraits and the paintings providing a family record.In antiquity, Boyle said, portraits (sculptures) were usually tied to the official religion. In the Middle Ages in Europe, up-and- coming merchants often donated an altar piece to their local church or cathedral — with the right to be included in it somewhere.But with the Renaissance emphasis on humanism, the portrait was born.Examples of portraitsBoyle gave several examples beginning with Titian, the Venetian Renaissance painter, who used canvas (far more portable than stone or large wooden altar pieces) and introduced psychology into the portrait. (He also cited humorist Robert Benchley’s telegram from Venice to a friend in New York: “Streets full of water, please advise.”)Van Dyck’s portrait of Charles I hunting (1634) is an example of “the political image personified.”The king, looking spiffy in fancy red knickerbockers tucked into expensive boots, his hat at a jaunty angle, has one hand on his walking stick and the other akimbo. He is looking at the observer with an expression in which it would be easy to read a lofty disdain. Charles I was short — “inelegant,” Boyle said tactfully. “Van Dyck gives him a long elegant neck and an arrogant stance. It’s wonderful — ‘To hell with you, I’m the king!’ Of course, they cut his head off later,” he said. “You could say that American portraits are thematic variations on this one.”English painter Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) influenced the Americans. His portraits of the wealthy and notable were in what Boyle called “The Grand Manner” — with the subjects exuding a sense of command and confidence, and usually with an impressive landscape behind them, indicative that the rulers of England were most comfortable at their country estates, not London.Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) — best known for “The Blue Boy” (1770) — was influential. “The Blue Boy” remained a popular image in the U.S. well into the 1920s, with the figure appearing in advertisements and packaging. The figure again has the arrogant stance, with arms akimbo.Boyle, showing Gainsborough’s portrait of Mary, Countess Howe (1763), said the painter used “a more generalized, rather than a specific likeness. It was more real if he kept it a little vague.”Which brings the story to Benjamin West (1738-1820). Born in Pennsylvania, he wound up as historical painter to the court of George III and was the second president of the Royal Academy.Boyle said that West “taught more American artists than anyone else” — including Gilbert Stuart and Thomas Sully.American painting remained Anglocentric. “London was the place to go, both before and after the Revolution,” Boyle said.American style developsBut the American style was developing. Boyle showed one of Stuart’s full-length portraits of George Washington (the “Landsdowne portrait,” 1796).Washington is in a pose that is imperial, on the one hand, and republican — “The Roman republic,” Boyle added, referring to a table leg in the foreground.Stuart’s painting of Washington at Dorchester Heights (1806) was the beginning of Americans looking back with a sense of pride. “We beat them.”Compared with the Van Dyck portrait of Charles I and his horse, the first thing the viewer notices is that Stuart shows the rear end of the horse, and makes no attempt to create an elegant version of Washington.John Singleton Copley (1738-1815) used a synthesis of styles, Boyle said.“He had a feeling for stuff — fabrics, reflections in a polished tabletop, elegant clothing — but he painted a middle class person, warts and all, with no generalized elegance,” he said. “The truth of the likeness was tentatively married to style.”Copley used the grand manner pose as well, Boyle said, but avoided presenting the subjects as arrogant or aristocratic.Thomas Sully (1783-1872) was English-born but thoroughly American in outlook. From a theatrical family, Sully moved from England to Richmond, Va., and then to Charleston, S.C., finally settling in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1806.Philadelphia was the “portrait capital of America,” Boyle said. Sully painted historical portraits (“Passage of the Delaware”) and portraits of the famous and powerful (John Quincy Adams and the Marquis de Lafayette).Boyle zeroed in on Sully’s portraits of actress Fannie Kemble, a woman of considerable accomplishment and some notoriety for her public opposition to slavery, her writings on that subject, and her status as a divorced woman.“Henry James fell in love with her,” said Boyle.Sully painted the teenage Queen Victoria in 1838, shortly before her coronation. Boyle said it was at the behest of wealthy Philadelphians with Tory leanings.“I always had the feeling that Philadelphia preferred a queen,” said Boyle, who taught art history at Temple University from 1987 to 2005. “The town went nuts when Queen Elizabeth visited.”The second phase of American portraiture, after the Civil War, began with John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), whose infamous portrait of “Madame X” almost destroyed his career.The subject, a Madame Gautreau, “wore lavender makeup, showed a lot of decolletage, and had her arm bent funny,” said Boyle. “She raised hell and Sargent had to leave the country.”That didn’t prevent him from becoming the portraitist of choice for the international establishment, even as that cast of characters evolved (see his late 19th-century paintings of newly wealthy industrialists). The American style continued to branch out. James McNeill Whistler’s 1871 “Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1,” also known as “Whistler’s Mother,” was radical for its day.“The mother is simply an object in a painting,” said Boyle.And William Merritt Chase (1849-1916) gave more than a token nod to the French Impressionists with his “Portrait of Miss Dora Wheeler” (1883). Chase also taught Salisbury’s Ellen Emmet Rand. Rand “was very good, not great” Boyle said. He said her portrait of an Episcopal minister “caught something in his look that lends itself to interpretation of his thinking.”The Rand women tended to be the notable members of the family, Boyle said, and when asked about the Rand men, Ellen Emmet Rand said, “Well, they are good-looking.”

Latest News

A new life for Barrington Hall

A new life for Barrington Hall

Dan Baker, left, and Daniel Latzman at Barrington Hall in Great Barrington.

Provided

Barrington Hall in Great Barrington has hosted generations of weddings, proms and community gatherings. When Dan Baker and Daniel Latzman took over the venue last summer, they stepped into that history with a plan not just to preserve it, but to reshape how the space serves the community today.

Barrington Hall is designed for gathering, for shared experience, for the simple act of being together. At a time when connection is often filtered through screens and distraction, their vision is grounded in something simple and increasingly rare: real human connection.

Keep ReadingShow less

Gail Rothschild’s threads of time

Gail Rothschild’s threads of time

Gail Rothschild with her painting “Dead Sea Linen III (73 x 58 inches, 2024, acrylic on canvas.

Natalia Zukerman

There is a moment, looking at a painting by Gail Rothschild, when you realize you are not looking at a painting so much as a map of time. Threads become brushstrokes; fragments become fields of color; something once held in the hand becomes something you stand in front of, both still and in a constant process of changing.

“Textiles connect people,” Rothschild said. “Textiles are something that we’re all intimately involved with, but we take it for granted.”

Keep ReadingShow less

Sherman Players celebrate a century of community theater

Sherman Players celebrate a century of community theater

Cast of “Laughter on the 23rd Floor” from left to right. Tara Vega, Steve Zerilli, Bob Cady (Standing) Seated at the table: Andrew Blanchard, Jon Barker, Colin McLoone, Chris Bird, Rebecca Annalise, Adam Battlestein

Provided

For a century, the Sherman Players have turned a former 19th-century church into a stage where neighbors become castmates, volunteers power productions and community is the main attraction. The company marks its 100th season with a lineup that blends classic works, new writing and homegrown talent.

New England has a long history of community theater and its role in strengthening civic life. The Sherman Players remain a vital example, mounting intimate, noncommercial productions that draw on local participation and speak to the current cultural moment.

Keep ReadingShow less
google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.

Reimagining opera for a new generation

Reimagining opera for a new generation

Stage director Geoffrey Larson signs autographs for some of the kids after a family performance.

Provided

For those curious about opera but unsure where to begin, the Mahaiwe Theater in Great Barrington will offer an accessible entry point with “Once Upon an Opera,” a free, family-friendly program on Sunday, April 12, at 2 p.m. The event is designed for opera newcomers and aficionados alike and will include selections from some of opera’s most beloved works.

Luca Antonucci, artistic coordinator, assistant conductor and chorus master for the Berkshire Opera Festival, said the idea first materialized three years ago.

Keep ReadingShow less
BSO charts future amid leadership transition and financial strain

Aerial view of The Shed at Tanglewood in Lenox, Massachusetts.

Provided

The Boston Symphony Orchestra is outlining its path forward following the announcement that music director Andris Nelsons will step down after the 2027 Tanglewood season, closing a 13-year tenure.

In a letter to supporters, the BSO’s Board of Trustees acknowledged that the news has been difficult for many in its community, while emphasizing gratitude for Nelsons’ leadership and plans to celebrate his final season.

Keep ReadingShow less
A tradition of lamb for Easter and Passover

Roasted lamb

Provided

Preparing lamb for the observance of Easter is a long-standing tradition in many cultures, symbolizing new life and purity. For Christians, Easter marks the end of Lenten fasting, allowing for a celebratory feast. A popular choice is roast lamb, often prepared with rosemary, garlic or lemon. It is traditional to serve mint sauce or mint jelly at the table.

The Hebrew Bible suggests that the last plague God inflicted on the Egyptians, to secure the Israelites’ release from slavery, was to kill the firstborn son in every Egyptian home. To differentiate the Israelites from the Egyptians, God instructed them to mark their doorposts with the blood of a lamb. Today, Jews, Christians and Muslims generally believe that God would have known who was Israelite and who was Egyptian without such a sign, but views of God’s omnipotence in the Abrahamic faiths have evolved over the millennia.

Keep ReadingShow less
google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.

google preferred source

Want more of our stories on Google? Click here to make us a Preferred Source.