Measles, ebola and more in library program

KENT — Dr. Gabriel Zatlin showed pictures and talked about his many years of travel around the world as former Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer for the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) during a lecture at the Kent Memorial Library on Saturday, Jan. 29. 

The talk was previously scheduled for Jan. 24 but was postponed a week due to inclement weather.

Zatlin described his long and diverse career. He graduated from Washington University’s medical school in St. Louis in 1960 and trained in pediatric medicine in St. Louis and Boston. 

He then worked as a field epidemiologist for the CDC, a job that took him to a polio epidemic in Mobile, Ala., a diphtheria epidemic in Sioux City, Iowa, a flu epidemic on the Hopi Indian Reservation in Arizona, a German measles epidemic in Georgia. He helped with typhoid prevention in Bahia, Brazil, and a neonatal tetanus program in Kingston, Jamaica.

In 1963 he went into private practice, first in Atlanta and then in Provincetown, Mass., but he was recruited soon after to work for the Indonesian government as a consultant on pediatric medicine. Following that assignment, he worked as field director for a six-country Child Nutrition Project headquartered in Cameroon.

He returned to the U.S. in the late 1970s. Most recently, he was a professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City before retiring in 2014.

Zatlin began his lecture defining terminology used when describing cases of a particular disease. He explained a cluster refers to localized cases of a particular disease. An outbreak describes a spreading of these cases to numerous people. An epidemic means the disease has spread beyond the local community and a pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread to multiple countries.

Next Zatlin discussed the necessary factors for an outbreak to occur. The disease must be able to be transmitted and there has to be a susceptible population. There also must be a vector, or a way for the disease to be transmitted to humans such as mosquitoes, food or water. 

Lastly there must be compounding factors such as a lack of health infrastructure including medical equipment, medications or hospitals. Other compounding factors include transportation, sanitation, government denial, and interfering tribal, cultural or religious beliefs.

Zatlin then went over how to control an epidemic. The first step is to recognize the problem. Next is to identify what the disease actually is. Once the type of disease is known, steps such as medication, isolation of the patients, immunization and education can take place to begin to eliminate the disease.

After explaining the definitions and processes, Zatlin then showed pictures he had taken in Cameroon. They showed the  conditions within the country that allowed for epidemics to happen so easily. 

Zatlin then opened the floor to questions regarding the ebola epidemic. One audience member asked how, in the 1970s, he protected himself from infectious diseases without a hazmat suit. 

He said, “Well I caught a few things,” including malaria and bacterial dysentery. 

Another person asked  where an Ebola epidemic might occur in the United States. Zatlin said it would be more likely to happen in a large urban area such as New York City. He also said it wasn’t impossible for someone who is sick, but might not be showing symptoms, to get on a plane and infect everyone else, thus disseminating it around the country. 

He also said that one of the  mysterious things about ebola is the transmissibility, so how it is spread is unclear.

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