Dear EarthTalk: How are wild turkeys faring in the United States? Occasionally I’ll see some crossing the road, but how well could they be doing with all the development going on around them?
Harley Barton
Hingham, Mass.
No one can be sure how many tens of millions of wild turkeys roamed what was to become the continental United States when the Puritans dined on them at the first Thanksgiving in 1621 near Plymouth Rock, but there were obviously enough of the birds to make them easy prey.
By the late 1700s turkeys across the frontier were being harvested with reckless abandon. The food shortages that accompanied the Civil War accelerated demand for wild turkeys, and their numbers started to dwindle to startlingly low levels. By the early 1900s, only some 30,000 wild turkeys remained; the birds had been extirpated across almost half of their former range.
But things started to turn around for wild turkeys in the 1920s. For starters, millions of acres cleared by the pioneers began to regenerate into the type of woodland habitat where the birds could thrive.
But the real boost for wild turkeys came in the form of legislation. At the urging of hunters, state wildlife agencies and the firearms industry, Congress passed the landmark Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (Pittman-Robertson Act) in 1937, which placed an excise tax on guns, ammo and other hunting gear. A portion of the billions of dollars raised from the law have been and continue to be allocated toward restoring wildlife habitat across the country.
By 1959, wild turkey numbers jumped 16 fold, topping half a million birds across the United States. A 1973 wild turkey census by the then newly formed National Wild Turkey Federation (NWTF) turned up something like 1.3 million birds. NWTF, which was founded by hunters to aid in turkey conservation efforts, would turn out to be instrumental in shepherding the wild turkey’s recovery by channeling hundreds of millions of dollars in charitable donations and grants into habitat recovery and bird relocation projects.
Although the birds will likely never return to the population levels predating white settlement, they haven’t been healthier in 300 years. These days as many as 7 million wild turkeys roam the countryside and can be found in every U.S. state besides Alaska.
Of course, our success in restoring habitat for wild turkeys has also been beneficial for a wide range of wild animals. Conservationists credit the visionary Pittman-Robertson Act (along with the hard work of dedicated wildlife managers) as instrumental in the recovery of not only wild turkeys but also once struggling populations of white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, wood duck, beaver, black bear, Canada goose, American elk, desert bighorn sheep, bobcat, mountain lion and several species of predatory birds.
Besides the animals and biodiversity benefiting from species recovery, hunters can also rejoice, especially given that it has been their money that has funded many of the projects to restore habitat where they hunt.
Turkey hunting is traditionally an autumn pursuit, culminating at Thanksgiving, of course, but each state has its own laws regarding when and where turkey hunting is allowed. NWTF provides a free online state-by-state “Fall Turkey Hunting Guide� with hunting season dates and other pertinent information to help hunters plan their next trip wherever it may take them in the continental United States. The website also serves as an invaluable resource for information and resources pertaining to conservation, hunting and other topics related to wild turkeys.
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Dick Hermans in the Oblong Bookstore on Millerton’s Main Street in 1985.Provided
Fall storage crop harvests amid soil building cover crops at Adamah Farm in Falls Village. Janna Siller 
